语言学基础教程

胡壮麟苗兴伟

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Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics
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1.1 What is language？
1.2 The design features of language
1.3 The origin of language
1.4 What is linguistics？
1.5 The scope of linguistics
1.6 A brief history of linguistics
1.6.1 Saussure as the father of modern linguistics
1.6.2 American structuralism
1.6.3 Generative linguistics
1.6.4 Functional linguistics
Questions and Exercises
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Phonetics
2.2.1 Speech organs
2.2.2 Consonants
2.2.3 Vowels
2.2.4 Transcription of speech sounds
2.3 Phonology
2.3.1 Phoneme
2.3.2 Phone and allophone
2.3.3 Phonotacties
2.3.4 Prosodic features: stress, tone and intonation
2.3.5 Co-articulation effects
2.4 Summary
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 3 Morphology: The Word Structure of Language
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The words of language
3.3 The structure of words
3.4 Morpheme, morph and allomorph
3.5 Classification of morphemes
3.5.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemes
3.5.2 Roots and affixes
3.5.3 Inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes
3.6 Word formation processes
3.6.1 Derivation
3.6.2 Compounding
3.6.3 Conversion
3.6.4 Blending
3.6.5 Backformation
3.6.6 Abbreviation or shortening
3.7 Summary
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 4 Syntax: The Sentence Structure of Language
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sentence structure
4.2.1 Definition of sentence
4.2.2 The linear structure of sentence
4.2.3 The hierarchical structure of sentence
4.3 The traditional approach
4.4 The structural approach
4.4.1 Immediate constituent analysis
4.4.2 Endocentric and exocentric constructions
4.5 The transformational-generative approach
4.5.1 The TG model of grammar
4.5.2 Syntactic structure
4.5.3 Movement
4.6 The functional approach
4.6.1 Functions of language
4.6.2 Functional analysis of syntactic structure
4.7 Summary
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 5 Semantics: The Meaning of Language
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Approaches to meaning
5.3 Sense and reference
5.4 Word meaning
5.4.1 Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning
5.4.2 Classification of lexical meaning
5.4.3 Sense relations
5.4.4 Semantic field
5.5 Sentence meaning
5.5.1 Definition of sentence meaning
5.5.2 Semantic relations at the sentential level
5.6 Ambiguity
5.7 Semantic analysis
5.7.1 Componential Analysis
5.7.2 Predication Analysis
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 6 Pragmatics: The Use of Language in Context
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pragmatics as a new branch of linguistics
6.2.1 Defining pragmatics
6.2.2 Syntax, semantics and pragmatics
6.3 Speech Act Theory
6.3.1 Constatives and performatives
6.3.2 Locution, illocution, and perlocution
6.3.3 Felicity conditions
6.3.4 Classification of speech acts
6.4 Theory of conversational implicature
6.4.1 The notion of implicature
6.4.2 Cooperative Principle and its maxims
6.4.3 Flouting the maxims
6.5 Politeness Principle
6.5.1 Politeness: The principle and the maxims
6.5.2 Clashes between the maxims
6.6 Summary
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis: Language above the Sentence
7.1 Introduction
7.2 What is discourse analysis？
7.3 Cohesion
7.3.1 Reference
7.3.2 Substitution
7.3.3 Ellipsis
7.3.4 Conjunction
7.3.5 Lexical cohesion
7.4 Coherence
7.5 The structure of discourse
7.5.1 Thematic structure and information structure
7.5.2 The structure of conversations
7.5.3 Patterns in written discourse
7.6 Connections
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 8 Historical Linguistics: Language through Time
8.1 Introduction
8.2 When language changes
8.3 How language changes
8.3.1 Phonological change
8.3.2 Lexical change
8.3.3 Grammatical change
8.4 Why language changes
8.4.1 External causes
8.4.2 Internal causes
8.5 Summary
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 9 Stylistics: Language and Literature
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Important views on style
9.2.1 Style as deviation
9.2.2 Style as choice
9.2.3 Style as foregrounding
9.3 Stylistic analysis
9.3.1 Phonological analysis
9.3.2 Graphological analysis
9.3.3 Lexical analysis
9.3.4 Syntactic analysis
9.3.5 Semantic analysis
9.3.6 Pragmatic analysis
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 10 Sociolinguistics: Language and Society
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The relations between language and society
10.3 Speech community and speech variety
10.4 Dialect
10.4.1 Regional dialect
10.4.2 Social dialect
10.4.3 Standard dialect
10.5 Register
10.6 Language contact and contact languages
10.6.1 Lingua franca
10.6.2 Pidgin
10.6.3 Creole
10.7 Choosing a code
10.7.1 Diglossia
10.7.2 Bilingualism
10.7.3 Code-switching
Questions and Exercises
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Chapter 11 Intercultural Communication: Language and Culture
Chapter 12 Psycholinguistics: Language and Psychology
Chapter 13 Cognitive Linguistics: Language and Cognition
References
Glossary